Restrictive/ non restrictive interventions free essay sample

This is a form of intervention, which usually aims to prevent the movement of an individual or to move them from a dangerous incident. This can be by bodily contact or by moving of the environment eg: closing doors. Its stops the person from freely moving. It has risks to both those who use this method, those who you use this method on if not done correctly, and those around. Non-restrictive interventions – removing the item etc. that may cause the person stress and anxiety. HSC 3045- 1. 3/1. 4 Four categories of challenging behavior/ physical intervention: Restraint Holding Positive touching Presence HSC 3045-1. 3/1. 4 Restrictive interventions are not to be used as a regular tool for managing behavior and there is a lot of guidance on when and how these can be used. E. g,‘guidance on the use of reasonable force’, available at the Department of Education, and the Challenging Behavior Foundation. Challenging behaviors may include repetitive/obsessive, withdrawn, aggressive, self-injurious, disruptive, anti-social or illegal, verbally abusive. We will write a custom essay sample on Restrictive/ non restrictive interventions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page HSC 3045 1. 6 Restraint: Defined as the positive application of force with the intention of overpowering a child. Practically, this means any measure, or tecnique designed to completely restrict a child’s mobility or to prevent a child from leaving, for example: Any technique involving a child being held on the floor (‘prone facedown’ techniques may not be used in any circumstances) Any technique which involves the child being held by two or more people Any technique involving a child being held by one person if the balance of power is so great that the child is effectively over powered. Eg, where an adult is holding the child under the age of ten. Locking or bolting a door in order to contain or prevent a child from leaving The significant distinction between this first category and the others 1. Restraint is defined as the positive application of force with the intention of over powering a child. The intention is to over power the child, completely restriction the child’s mobility. The other categories include/provide the child with varying degrees of freedom and mobility. 2. Holding: This includes anything, any measure or technique which involved the child being held firmly by one person, so long as the child retains a degree of mobility and can leave if determined enough. Positive touching: This includes minimum contact in order to lead, guide, usher or block a child; applied in a manner, which permits the child, quite a lot of freedom and mobility. 4. Presence: A form of control using no contact, such as standing in front of a child or obstructing a door way to negotiate with the child; but allowing the child the freedom to leave if they wish www. proceduresonline. com/greatermnchester/childcare/bur/chapters/pphysint. html HSC 3045-1. 6 When restrictive interventions may/not be used. Only trained members of staff should use this. It can be used to: Diffuse situations e. g. to separate a person from a trigger To protect others e. g. children and young people, staff members Prevent damage to property It must not be used: As a punishment With self harmers There are planned interventions and unplanned interventions. The tecniques used must be appropriate to the behaviors displayed and the individual child. HSC 3045-1. 4 Restrictive interventions are serious and you need to protect both the child from harm and yourself from allegations. It is therefore extremely important that you follow procedures for reporting and recording the use of restrictive and physical interventions. EXPLAIN WHO NEEDS TO BE INFORMED OF ANY INCIDENTS WHERE RESTRICTIVE INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN USED Manager Social worker All staff Physiotherapist Behavior officer Parents Health and safety officer Children in the class Task 3 HSC- 1. 5 WHY USE THE LEAST RESTRCTIVE INTERVENTIONS To model behavior and to promote positive behavior Will avoid making situations escalate Prevents risk of damage to a child physically or mentally, especially if a child has learning difficulties or has suffered abuse Gives the child/young person more decency and respect, therefore they will respect you SAFEGURDS IN PLACE You must consider alternative methods first There should be a trained member of staff dealing with the situation You must have a policy and adhere to the correct procedures There should be two staff always, probably one observing the child’s behavior. A plan with both the parent and the child must be agreed on how to deal with this You must avoid contact with sensitive body parts You should not put a child face down HSC 3045-2. 1 Proactive- Before something happens Reactive- After it has happened HSC 3045 – 2. 2/2. 3 The teacher plans her lesson thoroughly to provide continuous stability and routine. Staff build trust with the pupils in order to make them less anxious We have class rules and class consequences We provide resources that are accessible by all abilities There are times in the classroom that we will need to use reactive strategies: Some children may require a subtle or correction when sitting on the carpet for circle time. I usually stop what I am doing and ask, â€Å" Are you ok Child A? † When I notice that a child is about to do something or is in the middle of doing something wrong, I raise my eyebrows and they usually move on and stop what they are doing. Some reactive strategies may require some form of physical intervention in order to keep the child and other around safe. For example; I was given a one on one role on a school outing and was responsible for the safety of and Autistic child. We were crossing a main road and he stopped half way across. He did not respond to verbal command so I had to lift him across the road against his will.

Quantitative analysis of Guatemala for Guatemala

Quantitative analysis of Guatemala for Guatemala Demographics Total population and population growth since 1960 Guatemala has enjoyed a constant rise in the total population since 1960. With a period of five decades, the population has grown from an estimated 4.16 million in 1960 to 14.75 people in 2011 (Knudsen 19). Within the first decade (that is between 1960 and 1970), the population rose by 31% from 4.16 million to 5.45 million people.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Quantitative analysis of Guatemala for Guatemala specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The population growth per annum has remained generally constant. In fact, there has been little change in population growth every consecutive year. Between 1960 and 1970, the percentage averaged at 2.70%. Since then, the average per every ten years has not been changing by a large margin. For instance, the average annual growth for the Guatemalan population between 1970 and 1980 was 2.56%, while that recorde d between 1980 and 1190 reduced to 2.38%. By the end of the 20th century, the population growth rate averaged at 2.31%, but gained by a small margin to reach 2.47% by 2011. This means that for the last 50 years, Guatemala’s population growth has averaged at 2.48%. Crude death rate It is quite difficult to examine the demographics of any country without an analysis of its death rate (Mittal 12). In this case, we examine the crude death rate (deaths per 1,000 people) in Guatemala since 1960. Statistics indicate that Guatemala’s crude death rate has been reducing significantly over the last 50 years. In fact, it is worth noting that by 1960, the crude death rate stood at 18.995, but by the end of the 21st century, it has reduced by 12.718 to reach 6.277, which is estimated at 70% decrease. This is quite a commendable achievement, whose contributing factors have been explained under health and income rates analysis. Between 1960 and 1970, the annual decrease in crude death rate stood at 16.90%, but this decreased by more than 4%, achieving an average annual death rate of 13.0% by 1980. Similarly, there was significant reduction in the country’s annual death rate, with statistics showing that it the average death rate (crude) for the national population stood at around 10.09 by 1990.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Towards the end of the 20th century, the country had achieved a reduction its average death rate (crude), which had now reached about 7.58%, although the country did not reach its target rate of less than 5% by the turn of the century. However, over the first one decade of the 21st century, Guatemala increasingly reduced its crude death rate, which now stands at 5.76% (by the end of year 2011). This is a great achievement for the country, given its ability to significantly reduce its annual death rate for t he last 50 years. In addition, this is a sign that within the next few decades, the country might be able to achieve a reduction of its crude death rate to less than 2.0% per annum. Economically, this could have been due to an increase in the country’s annuals gains, as indicated by an increasing population of the middle class, increasing volume of GDP, health and education development as well as a revolution of its industries (Vanden and Prevost 56). Crude birth rate Like several other nations in the region, Guatemala has shown its ability to reduce its crude birth rate (number of births per 1000 people) per annum for the last 50 years. For instance, in 1960, the annuals birth rate stood at 46.65, but by the end of the 20th century, the rate had reduced by more than 10 points, reaching 36.61. In addition, this trend continued over the first one decade of the 21st century, with statistics showing that the country’s crude birth rate stood at 31.97 in 2011. Again, this i ndicates a reduction of more than 5 points within a span of 10 years. In fact, this is the largest reduction in the rate of birth per 1000 people per decade over the last 50 years. This is in line with the country’s new policies on industry, agriculture, health and birth control policies that have targeted achievement in reducing both the number of birth and death rates.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Quantitative analysis of Guatemala for Guatemala specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, it is an indication that the country could achieve a constant birth rate of less than 20 per 1000 people within the next few decades. The question on the population’s fertility rate in Guatemala can be examined with an analysis of the number of births per 1000 women over the last 50 years. Here, the country shows a steady decrease in its fertility rate, with statistics showing a decrease of more than 3.0 units. For instance, in 1960, the fertility rate for Guatemala was estimated to be 6.53, but by the end of 20th century, it had reduced by more than 2.5 units, reaching an approximated rate of 4.8. In addition, the reduction was witnessed over the next one decade, with the current statistics showing that the fertility rate has reduced significantly, reaching 3.92 in 2011. These statistics clearly indicate a good trend in maintaining a healthy population in a country considered as a third world nation. In fact, an important factor indicates a good rate of economic and social development. Theoretically, it would be possible to see Guatemala as a country where the number of births per household has reduced by more than 50% of the period of 50 years. It is an indication that the country’s middle class is on the rise, while the people living poorly, especially due to lack of jobs and good education, and is on the decline. Despite the constant political and economic problems facing the country, it is worth seeing the real changes in its population from the perspectives of social development, as indicated by these statistics (Watson and Kirby 127). Age structure Population structure The structure of population in Guatemala can be used as an important aspect to explain the observed changes in its social and economic development over the last 50 years.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, looking at the ratio of males to females, young to adults and the aged and the employed to unemployed people, we are in a better position to explain why the rate of poverty, literacy and economy have changed in a given way over a given period. In this case, we choose to look at these rations within a span of 50 years from 1960 to 2010 as well as including the current statistics taken by the end of year 2011. With these statistics, it is possible to reflect Guatemala’s social and economic development and perhaps predict what should be expected within the next few decades, assuming stability in its political and civil situations. First, it is worth looking at and analyzing the proportion of the children in the country’s population. Between 1960 and 2000, the number of children between the ages of 0 to 14 years, taken as a percentage of the total population per annum, has been reducing, albeit by only a small margin, every 10 years. For instance, in 1960, ch ildren within this age category made some 45.71%, but a constant reduction saw this group of young people account for 44.01% by the end of the 20th century. In addition, this change has been observed within the last one decade, with the number of children in this age category now making 41.14% of the total population. However, it is worth noting that between 2000 and 2011, the change has been large and more significant than in the previous decades. It is worth noting that within the first one decade of the 21st century, the number reduced by almost 4%, which means that there has been some changes in population trend within this period. It may also provide us with an insight into the country’s rate of industrialization, economic growth and development as well as the impact of these on social and cultural factors (Kintner 51). Within this context, it is important to consider the changes in Guatemala’s ratio of adults against the young people. However, we cannot take it f or granted that the adult population is constant because there are several categories in this age structure. In addition, dividing the population of the adult people into distinct age groups per age will give us an insight into the country’s production potential, its size of labor force and liabilities in terms of the number of dependent (aged) people (Bloom, Canning and Seville 93). Looking at the number of people aged between 15 and 64 years, it is evident that the country’s working population is quite large and has gained over the last 50 years. For instance, by 1960, Guatemala’s population of the people in this age category stood at 51.68%, which means that this was the largest group of people in the country, exceeding half of the population by 1%. An increase in this group of people is significant. In fact, this age category has never reduced within any period of 10 years since 1960, although in some years, it has been increasing by minimal digits. However, in total, the country has increased its population of working population from 51.68% in 1960 to about 54.12% in 2010 and currently stands at 54.5%. This is an indication that within a span of 50 years, the country has achieved a 3% increase in its working population. It is worth noting that again, the largest change in this category has been experienced within the first one decade of the 20th century because this is the period in which the country gained by around 3% in terms of the number of people in the 15-65 age category. This further shows some changes in the country’s social and economic sector within a period of just ten years. In addition, it is an indication that the country’s future in terms of economic and social development could be headed towards a second world status, but only if the political and economic leadership remains commendably healthy (Weber 43). The population of the aged people (beyond the age of 65 years), on the other hand, has been experie ncing the least significant change within the last 50 years. It appears that the average rate of ageing in Guatemala could be compromised. For instance, between 1960 and 2000, the country’s population of the aged gained from 2.62% of the total population to only 4.31% in 2010. In fact, the 0.31% was only gained between 2000 and 2011. Overall, the country’s aged population gained by less than 2.0% within a span of 50 years, which indicates that despite having a constantly growing number of the working class and a reduction in its rate of dependency, there could be a crisis because most people do not reach the age of 65. In addition, this could provide an indication that the life expectancy in Guatemala could be less than 65 years for an average person. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the trend in the life expectancy in Guatemala over the same period. Nevertheless, it is important to look at the country’s population in terms of the number of females to the n umber of males in order to look at the life expectancy later in the analysis. Surprisingly, Guatemala seems to be one of the countries in the world that has made significant gains in increasing the life expectantly of its citizens. For instance, by 1960, the country’s people had a life expectancy of just 45.75 years, which in this case was characteristic of underdeveloped nations. However, the country experienced a significant growth in the life expectancy, reaching 52.04 years by the end of 1970 (Sheehan and Koh 21). This indicates a growth of more than 6.5 years within a period of ten years, and an average annual growth of about 0.67years. The change continued over the 1970s, with the life expectancy rate reaching 57.31 years by 1980. Similarly, the country made significant gains over the last two decades, with statistics showing that it the life expectancy in Guatemala had reached an average of 62.29 years in 1990 before jumping again to 67.74 years by the end of the 20th century. Within the first years of the 21st century, Guatemala has experienced a significant growth in the people’s life expectancy, with 2011 statistics showing that an average person in Guatemala is expected to live up to an average of 71.10 years. In fact, this is an increase of the expectancy rate by more than 25 years within a period of 50 years. The average growth in life expectancy for every 10-year period in a series of five categories of 10 years since 1960 indicates that the country has been gaining all through. For instance, between 1960 and 1970, the country gained by 6.2 years, which is equal to an average change of 0.62 years. In addition, it indicates that the country’s population was expected to live up to an average of 48.70 years within that decade. However, between 1970 ad 1980, the people were expected to be living up to an average of 55.26 years, an average improvement of around 6.56 years. Secondly, the periods between 1980 and 1990 and from 1990 and 2000 experienced some significant growths in life expectancy, with the population expected to live up to 62.29 years by 1990 and up to 67.74 years by the end of the 20th century. Within the first one decade of the 21st century, the country’s life expectancy has continued to increase significantly, with the latest statistics showing that a normal Guatemalan is expected to live up to the age of 71 years. From this analysis, it is worth arguing that the country is on the right track because an increase in life expectancy is an indication of positive economic and social growth. There have been tremendous improvement in life expectancy per gender, with the trend showing a higher expectancy rate for women that that of men (Martins, Yusuf and Swanson 73). For instance, a Guatemalan male had life expectancy of48.88 years in 1960, but has been increasing significantly over the years. By 1970, an average person in the country was expected to live up to 50.1 years, 55.23 in 1980 and 59.39 in 1990. This trend continued, with the male life expectancy reaching 64.77 in 1990 and 67.34 by the end of 2000. Over the last one decade, life expectancy for males in the country has reached an all time high of 68 years. Similarly, female life expectancy has enjoyed massive growth since 1960. For example, in 1960, females were expected to live up to the age of 46.66 years, but increased to 53.396 by 1970. Between 1970 and 1980 and between 1980 and 1990, the average life expectancy for women experienced tremendous improvement by reaching 59.45 and 65.32 respectively. By 2000, the figure had risen to 71.4 before jumping to an all-time high of 74.72 in 2010. It is also worth noting that women have always had higher than that of males, with the disparity increasing every ten years. For instance, the disparity between then in 1960 was just 1.78 years, but by 2010, it had increased to 7.1 years. This indicates that the country has invested much on social and health affairs, espec ially in reducing maternal death rate (Mittal 32). Bloom, David, David Canning, and Jaypee Seville. Economic growth and the demographic transition. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011. Print. Kintner, Hallie. Demographics: A Casebook for Business and Government. Washington, DC: Rand Corporation, 2012. Print. Knudsen, Shannon. Guatemala. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications, 2011. Print. Martins, Jo, Farhat Yusuf and David Swanson. Consumer Demographics and Behaviour: Markets Are People. New York, NY: Springer, 2010. Print. Mittal, Anderson. Planning for Urban and Economic Development. New York, Ny: Mittal Publications, 2010. Print. Sheehan, Sean and Magdalene Koh. Guatemala. TarryTown, NY: Marshall Cavendish, 2011. Print. Vanden, Harry and Gary Prevost. Guatemala- Politics of Latin America: The Power Game. London: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Watson, Anna and David A. Kirby. Small Firms and Economic Development in Developed and Transition Economies. New Yo rk, NY: Springer, 2011. Print. Weber, Lars. Demographic Change and Economic Growth Simulation on Growth Models Physica. Mason, OH: Cengage learning, 2010. Print.

Charts And Graph Essay Example For Students

Charts And Graph Essay The number to classes should be between S and IS. Power than 5 classes cause excessive summarization. More than IS classes leave too much detail. Class Width Divide the range by the number Of classes for an approximate class width Round up to a convenient number So if the number of classes Approximate e Class Width is = 6, then Class Width 10 The midpoint of each class interval is called the class midpoint or the class mark. Class Midpoint = class beginning point + =30+D class width The relative frequency is the proportion of the total frequency that is any given class interval in a truculence distribution. Relative Class Interval frequency Frequency 20-under 30 18 40-under SO asunder 70 50 T total 100 The cumulative frequency is a running total of frequencies through the classes of a frequency distribution. Cumulative Class Interdependency 40. Under SO so-under 60 3 49 madder 80 Total Frequency 18 +624 11 + 2435 46 Class IntervalFrequencyMidpointFrequency Frequency 0. Ender 40 40_under 50 ;under 60 under 80 1. 00 The cumulative relative frequency is a running total of the relative truculences through the classes of a truculence distribution, RelativeCumulativeRelative Class Intergovernmentalurgencyurgencyurgency 6. 12 under SO . 22 . 92 3. 06 C=under 80 Histogram vertical bar chart of frequencies Frequency Polygon line graph transiences Give line graph of cumulative frequencies Pie Chart proportional representation tort categories of a whole Class Interval

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography Example Thus the specificity also of God is an historical specificity. The focus on dynamic event rather than static substance continues in his systematic theology.† Lindbeck George is an American Lutheran theologian and a BA graduate from Yale University. In his pursuit of medieval knowledge, Lindbeck picked an interest in matters related to the church, and thereafter, he became one of the fathers of postliberal theology. He has since then been among the most influential figures in the religion and theology scenes. In this book, Lindbeck focuses on the nature of the doctrine of theology in a postliberal age. By exploring a couple of theories in ecumenism, Mariology, and Christology, the author engages the Readers in a theological conversation. â€Å"The demand for competence is the empirical equivalent of insisting on the spirit as one of the texts of doctrine†. The author, Howard Marshall is a professor Emeritus of the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. Marshall is known for his broad understanding of the New Testament as he was the chair of the fellowship if European evangelical theologians and the president of the British New Testament society. As seen in most of his works, Marshall begins by introducing the New Testament theology, comparing the content of the various books. The author clearly explores Paul’s letters, the gospels and the rest of the epistles. Marshall’s theology represents the messages of the various books in the New Testament, speaking to a broad audience of readers. â€Å"It appears that this gospel attributed to Mathew was assembled by someone who was both a scribe and a sage of sorts. Like the author of the fourth gospel, he wants to present the story of Jesus in a sapiential way, but unlike the fourth evangelist, he wants to do it by means of a very conventionally Jewish way of presenting the materia l.† Mark Smith, the author of this journal is an Associate Professor of Political Science and

Philosophy of Religion of Ancient Israelites Essay

Philosophy of Religion of Ancient Israelites - Essay Example Genesis states that God created matter, order as well as life within the cosmos and the first chapter reveals the order of creation supernaturally. Therefore, as far as Christianity is concerned, the Bible already reveals the aspects that science is discovering and the first verses of the book of Genesis are against seven of humanity’s false philosophies. Further, the teachings of Islam state that the universe, including man and the physical environment if the earth, was created by God. According to Islam, the ultimate goal is visualizing the cosmos like a book of symbols for mediating and contemplating an uplifting of spirits or a binding from which the soul of human beings have to escape in order to achieve actual freedom in their spiritual journey towards God (Tymieniecka & Muhtaroglu, 2010). On the other hand the Hindu timeline and cosmology can be considered as the closest to the contemporary scientific timelines and might demonstrate that the Big Bang was not the beginning but a commencement of the current cycle that came before an infinite universe that may be followed by other vast universes (Rinehart, 2004). In the Hindu concept, the Rig Veda questions where the cosmos originated from and is perception of the cosmos also considers one actual divine ideology that is self-protecting such as Vaak, which is a divine word that means â€Å"birthing the cosmos†. The Hindu concept considers Brahma as the creator, whom God created and the universe is seen as constantly expanding from the moment it was created and disappearing into a haze in billions of years.   

Road Safety Essay Example for Free

Road Safety Essay Hai friends, teachers and the judges on the dice my name is santhiya from VIII ‘B’. I am here to give you a small speech about road safety. Road safety refers to method and measure for reducing the risk of a person using the road network being killed or seriously injured. Road traffic crashes are one of the World’s largest public health and injury prevention problems. According to World’s Health Organization, more than a million people are killed on the world’s road each year. A report published by the WHO in 2004 estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured in traffic collisions on the road around children 10-19 years of age. Most of the roads crowned that is, made so that they have rounded surfaces, to reduce standing water and ice, primarily to prevent frost damage but also increasing traction in poor weather. Poor road surface can lead to safety problems. Lane markers in some countries and states are marked with Cat’s eye or Botts dot, bright reflector that do not fade like paint. Turning across traffic poses several risks. Pedestrians and cyclist are among the most vulnerable road users and in some countries over half of all road deaths. During the 1990s a new approach, known as ‘sharped space’ was developed which removed many features in some places has attracted the attention of authorities around the world. The approach was developed by Hans Monderman who believed that ‘‘if you treat drivers like idiots, they act like idiots’’ and proposed that trusting drivers to behave was more successful than forcing them to behave. Major highways including motors, freeways, Autobahnen and Interstates are designed for safety high-speed operation and generally have lower levels of injury per vehicle km than other roads. More people die on the hard shoulder than on the highway itself. Without other vehicles passing a parked car, following drivers are unaware that the vehicle is parked, despite hazard light. 30% of the highway crashes that occurs in the vicinity of toll collection booth in the countries that have them, these can be reduced by switching to electronic toll systems. Safety can be improved in various ways depending on the transport taken. The main way to stay safe while traveling by bus or coach is as follow: †¢At the bus stop, always follow the queue. †¢Do not sit, stand or travel on the footboard of the bus. †¢Do not put any part of your body outside a moving or a stationary bus. Some countries or states have already implemented some of the ideas pay-as-you-drive adjusts insurance coasts according to when and where the person drives. Since 1999 the EuroRAP initiative has been assessing major roads in Europe with a road protection score. RoadPeace was formed in 1991 in the United Kingdom to advocate for better road safety and founded World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims in 1993 which received support from the United Nations General Assembly in 2005. Some road-safety groups argue that the problem of road safety being stated in the wrong terms because most safety measures are designed to increase the safety measures are designed to increase the safety of drivers, but many road traffic casualties are not drivers, and those measures which increases the driver safety may, perversely, increases the risk to these others, through risk to these others, through risk compensation.

Lifes stress :: essays research papers

Becoming Literate & Literate Traditions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first thing that comes to mind when I think about children is education. Most parents want their children to grow up and become Doctors and Lawyers and to be well off. So to help with this dream the parents try to start their children’s education as young as possible. This is why there are such learning programs as Hooked on Phonics and others like Fisher Price. Both of these programs are geared towards helping children achieve literacy at early ages. These programs almost eliminate the need for parents to read to their children or help them with school work, however this in not the case in some families and also communities in today’s society. Some Families feel that their children should go to private schools others to public and then on to college to pursue a degree. This is not the case with either Becoming Literate or Literate Traditions. Both of these illiteracies describe families and even whole communities that have different views on edu cation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Becoming Literate the Fishers, an Amish family, censor what their children read, â€Å"Eli and Anna attempt to carefully control the reading material that enters their home† (Fishman 239). The do this because they are Old Order Amish. They try to eliminate all outside influences that might have a negative effect on their children. The people of Trackton, Literate Traditions, are the complete polar opposite. They do not impose at all on the material that their children read, â€Å"adults do not create reading and writing task for the young, nor do they consciously model or demonstrate reading and writing behaviors for them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦children are left to find their own reading and writing tasks†(Heath 298). This demonstrates two totally different perspectives about reading and writing in which the parents have both a passive influence and a somewhat dictatorship like presence. In Literate Traditions, children play games to help seep their learning along. They sometimes read the return addresses as a type of game, â€Å"Reading names and addresses and return addresses becomes a game-like challenge among all the children, as the school-age try to show the preschoolers how they know â€Å"what dat says.†(Heath298) This also brings up another difference between the two literatures. The children of Trackton ask frequent questions towards the adults which in turn the adults respond to their inquiries. These questions range from â€Å"what is that† to â€Å"how dose this go†.

Relationship between HRM and Line Manger Essay

Abstract Management of Human resource has gained paramount importance over the past few years. HRM has become an integrated part of all organisations. HRM plays a pivotal role in strategy planning, management and crucial decision making, therefore shifting the day to day implementation of HR initiatives to the Line Managers. Line Managers play a very important role in HRM and have been influential in the implementation of HR policies. HRM and Line Managers work in Tandem to achieve the goals laid out by the organisation. Hospitals and health care centres have recognised the importance and effectiveness of HRM and have made reforms to include HRM as an important part of their organisational structure. see more:explain how maintaining, regaining or developing skills can benefit individuals HRM provides hospitals with skilled staff and effective policies to implement their strategies. They are involved in strategic decision making of hospitals and provide guidance and help with government compliances. Line managers have also played their part by implementing day to day policy and practices and therefore ensuring the safety and well-being of staff and employees. HRM has its set of goals and functions which aim to increase the productivity and efficiency of employees and is involved in recruiting, motivating, training, compensating and developing human resources. The various aspects and themes of HRM lay emphasis on sustainability, integration, applicability and being influential. Introduction Organisations have for several years adopted various strategies and management skills to increase their efficiency and productivity. Management of human resources (HRM) has been of paramount importance to the stability and growth of organisations. Various macro and micro management strategies have been developed to optimise the development of human resources. HRM is involved in recruiting, motivation and development of human resources in an organisation. William R. Tracey (The Human Resources Glossary) has defined Human Resource as â€Å"The people that staff and operate an organization as contrasted with the financial and material resources of an organization.† With growing emphasis of the role of HR in an organisation, the HRM is also  playing a pivotal role in strategy planning, management and crucial decision making, therefore shifting the day to day implementation of HR initiatives to the Line Managers. Line Manager is the personnel that is directly involved in the administration and management of certain category or specific group or individuals and is responsible for the recruitment, performance analysis, discipline, productivity, motivation and growth of the group or individuals in tandem with the goals and needs of the organisation. Overview of HRM in Hospitals and health care sectors Hospitals and Health Care Organisations have faced various reforms over the past few years but the focus on the management of human resource has taken precedence recently. HRM plays a very important role in hospitals as implementation of sophisticated and relevant HR policies and trainings have made improvement in the patients mortality rate (West, 2000). HRM in hospitals has a very important role to play. HRM in hospitals carry out some very important functions such as managing the complexities of employee relations, handling employee recruitment, conducting hospital job audits, defining compensation plans and ensuring that the government compliances are being met. HRM in hospitals is also involved in handling issues of various aspects such as legal, ethical, health and safety. HRM also takes care of important functions such as recruitment, training and motivation, carrying out job analysis and strategic planning leading to the improvement of patient care. The above mentioned functions and policies are focused on building a strong relation between the organisation and the employees and achieving all the goals laid down by the hospital. While HR managers are involved formulating policies and approaches for the above mentioned functions, the execution of these are left to the line managers. Line Managers play a very vital role in implementing and enacting the HR policies and practices. They are the interface between employees and management therefore creating a healthy work culture. The primary function of line managers in hospitals are to provide sophisticated appraisals and extensive training , allocating specialised teams for technical requirement, fulfilling the day to day implementation of policies, supervising adherence to safety measures and acting as advisers to doctors, nurses and other medical staff on matters that affect the daily functions and personal lives  of hospital employees. Line managers are the frontline soldiers who execute the policies specified by the higher level of managers. (Larsen,2003). Line managers play a very important role between hospital management and hospital employees. Line managers are more often than usual HRM specialists rather than medical professionals. The job of the line manager as you stated is to implement hospital policies and ensure than these policies and corporate strategies are adhered to. Policies such as overtime wages, overtime shifts, requests for newer instruments, requests for new wardrobes, requests for increments etc; are all done through the line manager. Many times employees are not medical professional they are not able to tell when the proper time for changing the usable in the hospital is. Things such as disposable items, wardrobes, better machines, training and others are told to the line manager by the head nurses or department in charge. In case such a line manager is focused on cost effectiveness or other then he/she is unwilling to listen or even downplay the importance of changing these commodities. The above is one aspect where the line manager is not a medical professional but just a policy implementer. The second scenario can also be where the line manager is a medical professional and also part of the department. For example, the specific line manager can be the department in charge or head nurse. In that case the line manager himself knows exactly what the situation is with his soldiers. He knows what tools they need, what support, when to justify increments, or improve daily wages, etc. Role of Line Manager and HR Manager The role of HR manager is that of a strategic partner. HR managers are concerned with formulating strategies and policies for the important functions in an organisation. The role of HR managers involves tasks such as designing of work positions and developing policies for recruitment, recognition, compensation, employee development, appraisal, career and succession planning. They extend their expertise to provide sophisticated learning and develop a proper development and training environment for the employees. They support knowledge sharing and are involved in advocating the practice of policies and are also involved in bringing changes to practices as per the requirements. (Amit,1999) The role of Line Managers is that of an executive. Line Managers directly manage employees and are responsible for the administrative and functional management of individuals. Their  duties involve disciplining and motivating the employees, taking care of day to day management of HR functions, undertaking performance appraisals and allocating work to the employees. They are also involved with monitoring, training and providing guidance and advice to the employees. Line Managers implement the HR policies and practices and are therefore the interface between the individual and the management. Employees have an interactive relation with the line managers and due to this, their performance, loyalty and work satisfaction is based on the same. The Line Manager has the additional responsibility of selecting, recruiting and managing the performance of the line managers to ensure the most efficient utilization of resources.(Cunningham,1995) Goals of HRM The human resource department follows some basic key functions and operational elements that have been developed keeping in mind the growing trends and requirements of large and small organisations which have understood the importance and essence of the human resource for the welfare and development of the organisations. The primary goal of HRM is recruitment of qualified, competent and skilful employees that meet the requirements of the organisation and help ineffectively achieving the goals and objectives of organisation. HRM carries out effective recruitment through various measures such as psychometric evaluation, conducting interviews etc. Line managers help the HRM in achieving the goal of recruitment by evaluating and determining the requirement criteria for the vacancies available in the organisation and by actively helping with the recruitment process. Effective and quick recruitment is achieved only through successful co-operation between the HRM and Line Managers. The line manager’s help in evaluating the numbers of doctors, nurses and staff are required for the functioning of the hospital and then help in recruiting the right doctors and medical staff for achieving the safety and prevention measures for patients. (Bowen, 2004) Another important goal of the HRM is Organizational planning. HRM needs to decide on important matters such as the recruitment of requisite number of employees and formulating policies for training, maintenance, compensation, review and welfare of the employees. The management has the responsibility of recruiting employees according to the job requirement and focusing on being result oriented. Based on their interactions and research, Line  managers help in the goal of organisational planning by providing the evaluations and assessments for the required number of employees for the formation of a proper functioning team. They also support the achievement of this goal by providing the required training and development to harness the skills of the employees. With constant and compulsory training, the employees are constantly updating their skills and thus enhancing their performance. Line managers constantly evaluate the employees to monitor their performance. (MacNeil, 2003) Key Functions of HRM To achieve its goals HRM performs various key functions which help in achieving those goals and attaining the objectives of the organisations. Managerial functions of HRM involve planning, organising, directing and controlling. Planning pertains to formulating strategies and actions that will contribute to achievement of the goals of the organisation. This involves the planning of personnel needs, recruitment, training and selection of employees. It also consists of forecasting various requirements of the organisation and analysing the behaviour of employees to optimise their performance and well-being. (Hope†Hailey, 1997) Organisation is a process by which the planning is carried out to achieve the planned goals. Different departments have different needs and therefore a complex relation exists between the departments. One of the key functions of HRM is organising and establishing relationships between the departments and to collectively achieve objectives and goals. Directing means overseeing the activities which have been decided after planning and organising stages. This helps in confirming that the plans are being executed as planned. Attainment of goals can be achieved through proper direction ensuring effective cooperation of employees. After planning, organising and directing various activities, the performance has to be verified in order to determine if the functions have been performed as planned. Controlling provides this confirmation by checking, verifying and analysing to ensure the achievement of the planned goals. Operative functions are related to activities specific to personnel management with compensation, recruitment, development and relations .Compensation has a direct effect on the well-being and performance of employees. Being a strong tool of motivation, HRM manages to bring in skilled employees and provides motivation and  well-being of the personnel. Adequate compensation enhances performance and inculcates loyalty in employees. Right compensation creates healthy work culture and elaborates on the fact that management wants to retain the best. Development of human resource is of vital importance as it prevents stagnation of employees and harnesses their skills and helps in the development of the organisation and brings in a feel good factor in employees. (Stevens, 1994) Recruiting the right personnel is the key to the performance of an organisation. The recruitment of the right personnel and the appropriate number of employees will help in building relations and retaining employees and creating a healthy and balanced work culture. HRM is involved in various activities and takes proper measures to recruit the right employee for the required job so that the performance of the employee is enhanced therefore enhancing the overall growth of the organisation. Adhering and practicing the human resource policies and programmes like interaction, compensation, motivation and development creates a relationship between the employees and the management hence creating faith in the management. Human relations help in integration of various departments and motivates them to work with economic, social and psychological satisfaction. (Cunningham, 1999) Key Approaches and Contextual themes in HRM The key approaches and themes of HRM are Sustainability, Influential, Integrated and Applicable. HRM should be sustainable i.e. HR policies and practices should be such that they are sustainable in the future. The frame works should be designed in such a way that the policy and norms are to surpass the present requirement and can be maintained in the future thus requiring minimum changes. HRM should be influential so that the organisation can be flexible and be able to achieve its goals and objectives without any troubles and hiccups. The senior management should be able to influence the employees to enhance performance and have a dedicated approach to training and development. HRM should be Integrated i.e. it should be able to integrate the organisations’ various departments and bring compatibility between departments so that they can work effectively with mutual co-operation and understanding. Delegating work and optimising the efficiency of the work force can only be brought forward through integration HRM should be Applicable i.e. HR policies should be such that the policies  and programs of HRM should be in tandem with the work output of the organisation. HRM policies relevant to a car manufacturing plant will not be effective in a hospital. Policies for hospitals should be such that they are relevant to the well-being of the patients and medical staff. Therefore HRM policies should be applicable to the type of organisation that it is being created for.(Buyens, 2001) Conclusion From the above analysis, we can conclude that HRM plays a vital and pivotal role in all organisations including hospitals and healthcare sectors. HRM designs policies and programmes to meet the requirement of the organisation and therefore helps in achieving the set goals. Hospitals have very recently realised the importance of HRM with respect to the development, sustainability and achievement of goals. HRM has not only improved the quality of work force but has also provided the means for safety and well-being of employees and patients in hospitals. The above mentioned points have highlighted the importance of Line Managers in respect to the implementation of HR policies and programmes. Line managers act as the interface between the management and employees and help maintain a healthy relation between them. Line Managers carry out various HR functions on micro level like recruitment, appraisal, training and development of employee. HRM acts as a strategic partner and integrates various departments and helps in coordinated functioning of an organisation to achieve the goals and objectives of the organisation. HRM should always aim to design its policies and programmes to uplift the work culture and improve the wellbeing of the employees. They play an important role in enhancing the performance of the employees and also in the development of the organisation. (Points to add to the report in my opinion but due to lack of word counts I am just high lighting them only) Line managers and their credentials. Are they doctors? Are they HRM experts? Who understands the problem better? Line manager, over worked and under paid Line manager’s unwillingness to convey hurdles to HR due to groupthink or fear of rejection Personnel management capabilities of Line Managers References 1. West, M. A., Borrill, C., Dawson, J., Scully, J., Carter, M., Anelay, S., †¦ & Waring, J.. The link between the management of employees and patient mortality in acute hospitals. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(8), 1299-1310. 2002 2. Larsen, H. H., & Brewster, C. Line management responsibility for HRM: what is happening in Europe? Employee Relations, 25(3), 228-244. 2003 3. Cunningham, I., & Hyman, J. Transforming the HRM vision into reality: the role of line managers and supervisors in implementing change. Employee Relations, 17(8), 5-20 1995 4. Bowen, D. E., & Ostroff, C.. Understanding HRM–firm performance linkages: The role of the â€Å"strength† of the HRM system. Academy of management review,29(2), 203-221. 2004 5. MacNeil, C. M. Line managers: facilitators of knowledge sharing in teams. Employee Relations, 25(3), 294-307. 2003 6. Hope Hailey, V., Gratton, L., McGovern, P., Stiles, P., & Truss, C. A chameleon function? HRM in the â₠¬Ëœ90s. Human Resource Management Journal,7(3), 5-18. 1997 7. Buyens, D., & De Vos, A. Perceptions of the value of the HR function. Human Resource Management Journal, 11(3), 70-89. 2001 8. Stevens, M. J., & Campion, M. A. The knowledge, skill, and ability requirements for teamwork: Implications for human resource management. Journal of management, 20(2), 503-530. 1994 9. Cunningham, I., & Hyman, J. Devolving human resource responsibilities to the line: beginning of the end or a new beginning for personnel? Personnel Review,28(1/2), 9-27. 1999 10. Amit, R., & Belcourt, M. Human resources management processes: a value-creating source of competitive advantage. European Management Journal, 17(2), 174-181. 1999

Different Type Of Treatment For Breast Tumors Health Essay

Cancer is one of the most common malignances in adult females. This paper has given me the chance to research the different types of chest malignant neoplastic diseases and different modes of interventions. In this research paper will give an overview of the physiology and hazards factors and different ways to naming the disease. Once diagnosed with this lay waste toing disease the different types of intervention from chemo to surgical intercessions. I would non desire to bury to include the psychological impact on the adult females and household members after being diagnosed with this malignance. This undertaking will give me the chance to larn more about the disease procedure and other facets of interventions other than surgical. As an Operating Room nurse I have had exposure to the surgical interventions of the disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the most common malignance in adult females and histories for18 per centum of all female malignant neoplastic diseases. The per centum of adult females who develop chest malignant neoplastic diseases are normally post- menopausal, but more than 8,000 are under the age of 50 old ages of age. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Screening methods like chest malignant neoplastic disease consciousness, clinical chest scrutinies, mammography, Ultrasound, MRI has increased early detainment in chest malignant neoplastic disease. Consequently, we have more statistics report organize these showing trials. Screening, diagnosing, and intervention are indispensable to survival, and the importance of early detainment should non be overemphasized. Patients should be good informed what their options are for intervention. Some adult females avoided the diagnosing, believing that the intervention was worse than the disease. This topic usage to be a tabu. The end of showing is to place chest malignant neoplastic disease at the earliest phase, which allows the highest possible remedy. Therefore, many adult females spouse up with their physicians and other health care suppliers to seek the right reply for their diagnosing. The five twelvemonth endurance rate for chest malignant neoplastic disease identified in the earliest phases is now 98 per centum. The mortality rate has dropped by 30 per centum since 1992, which is advancement! We still need to perpetrate to bar by making all we can make to halt malignant neoplastic disease before it starts. These statistics should remind us to eat healthier, more veggies and less nutrient with no nutritionary value, and non gorge in alcoholic drinks. Healthy life styles change such a low-fat diet and exercising can hold signi ficant impact on chest malignant neoplastic disease endurance. These good wonts will cut down your hazard. Plan a scheme for good wellness and act upon your organic structure ‘s destiny. We must besides back up research into environmental and other possible causes for malignant neoplastic disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease starts as a precancerous mass that progresses to presymptomatic tumour ( the tumour so little that can non be detected by mammography or physical scrutiny ) , so to tumours that are detected by mammography and eventually tumours that are big plenty to be detected by physical scrutiny. Buyske, Jo, et Al. â€Å" Breast malignant neoplastic disease in the 1890ss. â€Å" A AORN JournalA July 1996: 64+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. With mammography the tumours can be detected as early before going tangible, every bit little as 1mm in size leting for a greater likeliness of early sensing that can take to bring around. Mammograms are recommended by the A merican Cancer Society on adult females every one to two old ages from age 40 and 50 old ages of age, adult females younger than 18 should execute monthly chest introspection and have one-year scrutinies by their doctors. Womans with higher than mean hazard factors, may necessitate more intensive surveillance. Hazard Factors: Every adult female is indiscriminately at hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease sometime in her life. There are several factors that increase the hazard of the disease development. The biggest hazard factor of all is age, with the bulk of chest malignant neoplastic diseases being diagnosed in the post-menopausal age group. Oestrogen has being evidenced as a critical endocrine in the increased hazard factor for chest malignant neoplastic disease. Early menses before the age of 11, are at increased hazard and those have late climacteric ( after the age of 50 ) are twice likely to develop chest malignant neoplastic disease. The likeliness of chest malignant neoplastic disease increases with the age of the adult females ‘s first gestation. After the age of 30 the hazard additions. Womans who have their first gestation at a higher age are more predisposed to breast malignant neoplastic disease. In fact, adult females who have non given birth run a h igher opportunity of happening. A alteration in endocrines during gestation besides has an consequence on the development of chest malignant neoplastic disease. It is more preventable in multiparity and gestations at an early age. Oral preventives and endocrines replacing tablets are besides important. There is a little hazard associated with taking the unwritten preventive pill before the age of 20 are at higher hazard than adult females who begin at an older age, There is a little hazard associated with the usage of endocrine replacing tablets and for the first one to four old ages after usage has ceased. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Family history provides the strongest hint to the possibility of familial chest malignant neoplastic disease. A female parent, sister or girl with chest malignant neoplastic disease is a strong va riable in the development of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Hereditary chest malignant neoplastic disease attributed to a mutant in a peculiar cistron ( i.e. , BRCA1or BRCA2 ) can be passed on the following coevals, transmitted in an autosomal dominant form. The cistron mutant may arise from the paternal or maternal side and each progeny of a BRCA bearer has a 50 per centum opportunity of inheriting the mutant. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Factors that indicate likeliness of a BRCA cistron mutant are: Multiple instances of early- oncoming chest malignant neoplastic disease ( age, & lt ; 50 twelvemonth old ) , a combination of chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease in the same adult females bilateral chest malignant neoplastic disease, one household member & lt ; 50 twelvem onth old with chest malignant neoplastic disease or ovarian malignant neoplastic disease and Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, male chest malignant neoplastic disease, a comparative with documented BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutant and multiple instances of chest malignant neoplastic disease across several coevalss in a household. The increased usage of familial testing has being helpful in observing this mutant that increased the potency of chest malignant neoplastic disease in adult females. This familial mutant of BRCA1 and BRCA2 has accounted for 60 per centum of familial chest malignant neoplastic disease and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. Womans with this germline mutant in BRCA1 and BRCA2 or a familial sensitivity for chest malignant neoplastic disease have markedly increased hazard of early-onset chest malignant neoplastic disease and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females w ith BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. With this two cistrons inhered through a first grade household, it is recommended they seek familial guidance. Familial guidance is considered the mainstream of a multidisciplinary attack to the intervention of familial chest malignant neoplastic disease. Decrease Schemes: Once it has being identified the adult females to be a bearer of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 there are different options offered for intervention. Chemoprevention- tamoxifen a raloxifene, selective estrogen receptor modulators approved for chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard decrease, are by and large prescribed for 5 old ages, and their function beyond this clip frame is unknown. . Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web.22. Other options may be bilateral contraceptive mastectomy ( known as hazard decrease mastectomy ) . Your sawbones will explicate the different types of mastectomies, simple mastectomy, where the whole chest is removed and some alar lymph nodes may besides be removed and hypodermic mastectomy, where less breast tissue is surgically excised. These processs significantly cut down the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease in adult females with first degree household history of the disease. Several surveies have shown a 90 per centum to 95 per centum decrease in chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard among BRCA bearers, intending that adult females with BRCA mutants can accomplish a degree of chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard that is the same or lower than that of the general population. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. A Womans can hold rehabilitative surgery station these processs with expanders, a pocket is created under the thorax ‘s pectoral muscle major musculus and the expanders is filled with sal ine, and subsequently on hold breast implants. Tram Pedicle Flap is another option which is a flap of tegument, fat and implicit in musculus is cut from the venters and anastomosed as a chest. Another option is a Deep Free Flap, a flap of tegument and fat that is removed from the venters, along with blood vass that have been dissected from the implicit in musculus and with this a chest is made. Once the chest mass has being found on mammography, which is the most of import diagnostic tool, the sawbones will desire to make obtain a sample of life tissue. Biopsy may be done if the physician is concerned about chest malignant neoplastic disease because of unnatural findings on the mammogram or chest ultrasound, or during physical scrutiny. A chest biopsy is the remotion of chest tissue to analyze it for marks of chest malignant neoplastic disease or other upsets. Several different types of biopsies can be done. Open biopsy which involves a little scratch in the chest and take portion ( incisional ) or all ( excisional biopsy ) of the country. If the full ball or country is removed, it is a lumpectomy. If the sawbones can non easy experience the ball or cyst, a biopsy under needle localisation will be done under ultrasound to turn up the ball ; this acerate leaf will be left in topographic point to assist the sawbones during the incisional biopsy. The sawbones will take the nuc leus of tissue environing the wire, and send the specimen to pathology and radiology. The biopsy can uncover certain of chest abnormalcies that are non malignant neoplastic disease or precancerous, adenocarcinomas, fibrocystic chest disease, intraductal villoma, mammary fat mortification. Other biopsies may demo precancerous chest conditions, untypical ductal hyperplasia and a typical lobular hyperplasia. Then there are the two chief type of chest malignant neoplastic disease found, ductal carcinoma, most chest malignant neoplastic diseases are of this type and lobular carcinoma. Biopsy consequences are deciding if there will be a demand for chest surgery in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. In order to cognize if the lymph nodes holding being invaded with malignant neoplastic disease it is recommended to hold a lookout node biopsy. This cognition will avoid alar node dissection if the lymph node is non affected. Internal mammary nodes can besides be assessed during the p rocess to finish the theatrical production procedure. Staging of chest malignant neoplastic disease: Staging the chest malignant neoplastic disease is critical constituent in the development of the individualised intervention program. Stage 0- ( noninvasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ ) this is really early phase chest malignant neoplastic disease is considered precancerous. Stage 1- this is an early phase of chest malignant neoplastic disease, the size of the leery lesion measures up to two centimetres in dimension, and no lymph nodes are involved. In this phase adult females may hold a chest -sparing surgery like a lumpectomy with radiation intervention or they may hold a mastectomy ( remotion of full chest ) they can be have Reconstruction surgery following the process. Breast preservation surgery is the most popular intervention because most carcinomas have a restricted size and big tumour can be reduced in size with anterior chemotherapy before surgery. Radiation therapy along with chemo therapy and /or endocrine therapy may besid es be given after the surgery to destruct any staying malignant neoplastic disease cells. Stage 2- the tumour steps between two to five centimetres or the malignant neoplastic disease has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm on the same side as the chest malignant neoplastic disease. This phase is divided into two classs stage 2 A and phase 2 B. Phase 2 A-Three ways it can attest itself. There is no tumour found in the chest but the alar lymph nodes are positive for malignant neoplastic disease cells. Cancer in the chest spans two centimetres and alar lymph nodes are involved. Tumor is larger than two centimetres and smaller than five centimetres, and does non impact the alar lymph nodes. Stage 2 B- may include one of the followers: The dimension of the tumour is between two and five centimetres and has metastasis to the alar lymph nodes. The chest malignant neoplastic disease is larger than five centimetres, but no lymph are non affected. Treatment may be breast economical surge ry ( lumpectomy ) followed with radiation therapy or a mastectomy with or without breast Reconstruction. Another method used is the tegument and nipple-sparing mastectomy that preserves the nipple-areolar. Several options can be offered to the patient, from the simple arrangement of chest expanders to the usage of musculocutaneous flaps ( thoracodorsal or abdominal flap [ TRAM ] ) . Sometimes chemotherapy is given before the surgery to shrivel the tumour or after surgery to destruct any staying malignant neoplastic disease cells. Womans may besides hold a combination of other interventions, such as endocrine therapy. Phase 3 -the size of the tumour is more than two inches in diameter across and has spread to the alar lymph nodes, or has metastasis to other lymph nodes or tissue near the chest. Phase 3 malignant neoplastic disease is divided into other subcategories, phase 3A, phase 3B and phase 3C, Stage 3 A- The tumour measures more than five centimetres. The lymph nodes are affect ed. Stage 3B-The malignant neoplastic disease has invaded to tissues environing the chest, such as tegument or chest wall, the tumour may run in size. Axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes beneath the chest under the ribs may be affected. Stage 3C-There is a possibility of the metastasis or distributing to the chest tegument or chest wall. In this phase the malignant neoplastic disease has spread to lymph nodes around the clavicle and may be in lymph nodes around chest bone. Chemotherapy and/or targeted therapies are given foremost in order to shrivel the tumour prior to surgical intercession. After surgery adult females may hold chemotherapy, radiation, endocrine therapy or a combination of intervention to assist forestall reoccurrence. Stage 4- ( Metastatic ) -The malignant neoplastic disease has spread beyond the chest alar and internal mammary lymph nodes to other parts of the organic structure near or distant to the chest. Womans with metastatic malignant neoplastic disease will have targeted intervention depending on where the malignant neoplastic disease has spread. Bone is the most common site.treatments may include orthopaedic oncology, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or combination of interventions. By larning the different phases of chest malignant neoplastic disease it can give the patient an educated determination of her pick of intervention. This information along your general wellness will let you along with your wellness attention squad to individualise your intervention for chest malignant neoplastic disease. We besides have to see there chest tumours that will non react to hormone therapy. Normal chest tissue has hormone receptors that respond specifically to the stimulatory effects of oestrogen and Lipo-Lutin. The bulk of chest malignant neoplastic diseases retain oestrogen receptors and in these malignant neoplastic diseases oestrogen will retain proliferative control over the malignant neoplastic disease cells. It is utile to cognize the oestrogen receptor position of the malignant neoplastic disease to foretell which patients will react to hormone therapy. Cancer that lack endocrine receptors will non react to hormone therapy. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. This information is utile in finding forecast and intervention methods. In decision, in research for this paper I have learned of the different types of chest malignant neoplastic diseases and the options of intervention. Working as an operating room nurse I was ever involved with the surgical intervention of the diagnosing but was non cognizant of the involved and diagnostic testing to make this intervention. It is apparent that the attention for patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease is a multidisciplinary attack. To be able to make up one's mind on the individualize intervention when they are experiencing less able to make so. Bing diagnosed with chest malignant neoplastic disease is really scaring for any adult females in add-on ; doing determinations on the different types of intervention can be overpowering. Healthcare suppliers need to promote adult females to lift above the negativeness of the disease and take control of their organic structure by doing an individualize determination. Nurses must take advantage of every chance to autho rise these adult females to do their intervention picks. Console and soothe them resuscitating assurance in them. Communicating efficaciously and supplying supportive attention are really of import to their long term accommodation to their diagnosing of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Sometimes a patient ‘s liberty is more desirable than the demand for accurate information. Today we have better cognition about the showing, diagnosing and intervention of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Technology, testing and early detainment must go on to come on so malignant neoplastic disease is no longer the most common malignant neoplastic disease in adult females. We need to maintain focal point on bar making all we can to halt malignant neoplastic disease before it starts. Committedness to the bar of chest malignant neoplastic disease is indispensable. In order for things to go on we have to perpetrate to them, nil happens automatically. It is astonishing the Numberss of utilizat ions for the human voice. We talk and cry, speak and sing mutters and complain, congratulations and proclaim. But the best usage of our voice is to show empathy and cognition and offer words of encouragement for these patients and their household members thru this annihilating disease. Mentions Buyske, Jo, et Al. â€Å" Breast malignant neoplastic disease in the 1890ss. â€Å" A AORN JournalA July 1996: 64+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22..A

Child Car Seats and Seat Belt Regulations in Canada

Child Car Seats and Seat Belt Regulations in Canada Babies and children are uniquely  vulnerable to injury during automobile accidents, and surveys show that many are not properly restrained in car seats or other devices. The Canadian government mandates many protections for children, including the use of only those car seats featuring the Canadian National Safety Mark. The government also recommends other safety precautions and offers educational car seat clinics nationwide. Canada's Child Restraint Requirements The Canadian government offers specific guidance on choosing and using child restraints, including car seats, booster seats, and seat belts. Transport Canada gives instructions for using car seats, as well as provides car seat clinics that parents can attend to learn more about how to choose and use child safety restraints.   Can I Buy a Car Seat from the United States or Another Foreign Country? It is illegal to import and use a car seat or booster seat that does not comply with Canadian safety standards. Because Canada has stricter safety requirements than the United States and many other countries, parents who use non-Canadian car seats often are violating the law and can be fined. How toKnow If Your Car Seat Is Legal in Canada Like many countries, Canada has its own unique laws governing car seats and other safety restraints for children.  Child car seats must meet Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.  To ensure that your car seat meets those standards, look for the Canadian  National Safety Mark, which features a maple leaf and the word Transport. The government prohibits the purchase of car seats from other countries, which have different safety standards. Other SafetyIssues to Be Aware Of In addition to the general installation and use guidance provided by Transport Canada, the agency also  cautions against letting infants sleep in car seats or otherwise leaving them alone in their seats. The agency also warns against using car seats past their expiration dates and recommends registering new safety devices so consumers can receive notice of recalls.

Stress in the workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stress in the workplace - Research Paper Example They have achieved it on the cost of their personal and social life. The urge to remain employed has caused the employees to endorse the culture of work-life imbalance. The whole effort of the employees is concentrated at increasing the productivity. Since the time is limited, employees have no option but to sacrifice their private life for the work. This is the reason why employees do not find time to spend with the family. While on one hand, this is distorting the employees’ relations with their families, on the other hand, it is also affecting their performance as continued work without breaks and rest declines an individual’s mental and physical efficiency. In addition to that, the ones who have managed to remain employed have been assigned the job responsibilities of the employees that have been terminated, which has essentially increased the work load for the remaining employees manifolds. Since the effects of economic recession are not limited to the workplace, t he employees have to deal with the inflation and increased rates of things of everyday use. There is so much to purchase in a very limited salary, that an employee always runs short of money. Stress in the workplace is one of the most important causes of increase in employees’ depression and anxiety. Some employees have been stressed to the point that they have attempted suicide. â€Å"[Employees] come to work and tell a manager or colleague that they are thinking of harming themselves. They are texting, calling, instant-messaging. Or they’ll disclose they’ve made an attempt. Some have even tried to kill themselves at work† (LeBlanc cited in Mirza, 2012). Stress in the workplace has distorted the employees’ relations with the family members, particularly with the spouses.

Strategic and Financial Analysis of P&G Research Paper

Strategic and Financial Analysis of P&G - Research Paper Example P&G offers more than 250 brands to its customers. The net sales of the company were recorded to be more than $1 billion in 2011. The product portfolio of P&G can be segregated into divisions based on the usage of the products. It offers washing or laundry products, hair care and grooming products, health care products, and personal care products. In the hair care product category, P&G holds the maximum market share of 34.6 percent, as can be seen in Figure 1. The competitors such as L’Oreal, Unilever, Alberto Culvert, and John Frieda are some of the popular market players in the hair care segment holding lesser market share than P&G. The top hair care brands of P&G are Pantene, Head & Shoulders, Aussie and Silvikrin.   In the washing and laundry category too, P&G is the market leader. As can be seen in Figure 3, P&G rules on 46 percent of, the detergent market. The most famous laundry brands of P&G are Ariel, Tide, Bold, Fairy, Lenor, etc. In the household cleaning category, P&G has 11.6 percent market share. The best brands of P&G in this segment is Flash. Lastly, in the personal care, skin care or grooming segment, P&G has around 1.4 percent market share among the other companies. The Product Life Cycle determines the position of the products or brands of a company in the market. In case of P&G, most of the brands sold under its product portfolio are in their maturity and growth stage, as P&G’s products are generating huge profits for the company in most of the segments and are among the market leaders (P&G, 2012d). In order to validate the position of most of the P&G’s products in the PLC, the revenue and profit figures for the last 5 years have been considered.